In computers, communications, and consumer electronics, the transition from parallel to high-speed serial-data transmission is creating new design challenges. Increasing data rates push more bits per ...

S-parameters, or scattering parameters, have become the de facto standard for describing the electrical properties of interconnects. They are one of the few concepts that bridge the worlds of the ...

S parameters play a dominant role in high speed PCB simulation and verification. Generation of S parameters is relatively easy at high frequency in comparison to other parameters like Y and Z. In this ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

Signals operating in the radio frequency (RF) realm between 3 kHz to 300 GHz are an inherent part of processing by circuit components within and outside an IC. Linear characteristics of RF circuits ...

Parameter estimation in differential equation models is a critical endeavour in the mathematical modelling of dynamic systems. Such models, represented by ordinary differential equations (ODEs), ...