The disc that Howell and Bowden have designed, with the help of former doctoral student Peter Halverson, is made of strips of titanium or “bending beams” joined in such a way as to provide a ...

Lumbar disc replacement involves an anterior approach through an incision around the belly button and the placement of two titanium plates with a high-quality mobile plastic component in between ...

The disc replacement operation uses titanium discs, which are not approved by the Health Canada or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.