In this first of a four-part series, the authors provide an introduction to a practical approach for establishing specification equivalence. The regulatory basis and compliance examples from FDA ...

The second in a series of eight case studies from the Product Quality Research Institute focuses on functional equivalence for equipment. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have an obligation to ensure that ...

Designing a chip is a complex process. It starts with defining the architectural requirements, then microarchitecture development, followed by RTL design and functional verification. Then the design ...

The VLSI design cycle is divided into two phases: Front-end and Back-end. Front-end covers the architectural specifications, coding and verification, whereas back-end involves the physical ...